Which of the following is NOT considered a branch of modern biomedical engineering?

Pharmaceutical marketing is not regarded as a branch of modern biomedical engineering because it focuses on the commercial aspects of pharmaceuticals, such as promotion and sales strategies, rather than the scientific and engineering principles that are central to biomedical engineering itself. In contrast, tissue engineering, neural engineering, and bio-mechanical engineering are all core areas within biomedical engineering that involve the application of engineering and biological principles to develop solutions for healthcare challenges. Tissue engineering focuses on creating artificial organs and tissues, neural engineering explores how technology can interface with the nervous system, and bio-mechanical engineering applies mechanical principles to biological systems to improve healthcare outcomes. These fields are directly concerned with improving health and medical technologies, distinguishing them from the marketing domain of pharmaceuticals.