Which process involves introducing foreign DNA into an organism's genome?

The process of introducing foreign DNA into an organism's genome is known as genetic engineering. This technique allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of an organism by adding, removing, or altering DNA sequences. Genetic engineering is commonly used in various applications, including the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), creation of gene therapies for diseases, and production of proteins for pharmaceuticals.

Genetic engineering involves several techniques, such as using vectors like plasmids to deliver the foreign DNA, employing CRISPR-Cas9 for precise editing of specific genes, or utilizing other methods like electroporation or microinjection to facilitate DNA uptake by target cells. This manipulation at the genetic level provides a powerful tool for research, agriculture, and medicine.

Other processes mentioned, like transcription and cloning, serve different functions and do not inherently involve the introduction of foreign DNA into a genome. Transcription is the process by which the information in a DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA, and cloning typically refers to creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or a cell, rather than modifying its genome with foreign DNA. Cellular division (mitosis or meiosis) is the process through which cells replicate and divide but does not relate to the introduction of foreign genetic material.